Barack Obama 2 - Planet Earth, Our Home

Wednesday, 03 de December de 2008

A large number of candidates initially entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. After a few initial contests, the field narrowed to a contest between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton, with each winning some states and with the race remaining nearly tied throughout the primary process.^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105] On May 31, the Democratic National Committee agreed to seat all of the disputed Michigan and Florida delegates at the national convention, each with a half-vote, narrowing Obama's delegate lead.^[106] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama passed the threshold to become the presumptive nominee.^[107]^[108] On that day, he gave a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton suspended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7.^[109] From that point on, he campaigned for the general election race against Senator John McCain, the Republican nominee.

On August 23, 2008, Obama selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.^[110] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Obama's former rival Hillary Clinton gave a speech in support of Obama's candidacy and later called for Obama to be nominated by acclamation as the Democratic presidential candidate.^[111]^[112] On August 28, Obama delivered a speech to the 84,000 supporters in Denver. During the speech, which was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide, he accepted his party's nomination and presented his policy goals.^[113]^[114]

After McCain was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate, there were three presidential debates between Obama and McCain in September and October 2008.^[115]^[116] In November, Obama won the presidency with 53% of the popular vote and a wide electoral college margin. His election sparked street celebrations in numerous cities in the United States^[117] and abroad.

President-elect of the United States

President-elect Obama meets with President George W. Bush in the Oval Office, November 10, 2008

See also: Presidential transition of Barack Obama

On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama defeated John McCain in a landslide victory in the general election with 365 electoral votes to Mccain's 173 [1] and became the first African American to be elected President of the United States.^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121] In his victory speech, delivered before a crowd of hundreds of thousands of his supporters in Chicago's Grant Park, Obama proclaimed that "change has come to America."^[122]

President-elect Obama is scheduled to be sworn in as the 44th President of the United States at midday on January 20, 2009.^[123] His assigned Secret Service codename is "Renegade."^[124]^[125]

Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Barack Obama

Obama on June 3, 2008 upon clinching the Democratic nomination.

A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).^[126] Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU,^[127] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA.^[128]

Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.^[129] On October 2, 2002, the day President George W. Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,^[130] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza,^[131] speaking out against the war.^[132]^[133] On March 16, 2003, the day President Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq,^[134] Obama addressed the largest Chicago anti-Iraq War rally to date in Daley Plaza and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.^[135]

Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not "weaponize" space, "slow development of Future Combat Systems," and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to take ICBMs off high alert status.^[136]

In November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.^[137] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.^[138] Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.^[139]^[140]^[141] Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.^[142]

In a December 2005, Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.^[143] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.^[144] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying that "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."^[145]

In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.^[146] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.^[147] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.^[148] Obama proposes to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.^[149]

Obama speaking at a rally in Conway, South Carolina^[150]

In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.^[151] His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 as well as the capital gains and dividends tax cut,^[152] close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, reduce taxes for 95% of workers[2], and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.^[153] Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.^[154] Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.^[155]

Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups.^[156] In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren.^[157] Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.^[158] He encouraged "others in public life to do the same" and not be ashamed of it.^[159] Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged "so-called leaders of the Christian Right" for being "all too eager to exploit what divides us."^[160]

Family and personal life

Main article: Family of Barack Obama

Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama

Obama met his wife, Michelle Robinson, in June 1989, when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.^[161] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial offers to date.^[162] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.^[163] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,^[164] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.^[165]

Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.^[166]

Applying the proceeds of a book deal, in 2005 the family moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to their current $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood.^[167] The purchase of an adjacent lot and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer and friend Tony Rezko attracted media attention because of Rezko's indictment and subsequent conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.^[168]^[169]

In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.^[170] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million—up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.^[171]

Obama playing basketball with U.S. military in Djibouti in 2006^[172]

In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family. "Michelle will tell you that when we get together for Christmas or Thanksgiving, it's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."^[173] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living, and a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.^[174] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham^[175] until her death on November 2, 2008, just before the presidential election.^[176] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.^[177]

Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.^[178] Before announcing his presidential candidacy, he began a well-publicized effort to quit smoking.^[179]

Obama is a Christian whose religious views have evolved in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists") to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." In the book, Obama explains how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."^[180]^[181] He was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988.^[182]^[183]

Cultural and political image

Main article: Public image of Barack Obama

With his Kenyan father and white American mother, his upbringing in Honolulu and Jakarta, and his Ivy League education, Obama's early life experiences differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.^[184] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that the debate is not about his physical appearance or his record on issues of concern to black voters. Obama said that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."^[185]

Echoing the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."^[186] A popular catch phrase distilled the concept: "Rosa sat so Martin could walk; Martin walked so Obama could run."^[187]

Many commentators mentioned Obama's international appeal as a defining factor for his public image.^[188] Not only did several polls show strong support for him in other countries,^[189] but Obama also established close relationships with prominent foreign politicians and elected officials even before his presidential candidacy, notably with then current British Prime Minister Tony Blair, whom he met in London in 2005,^[190] with Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni, who visited Obama's Senate office in 2005,^[191] and with French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who also visited him in Washington in 2006.^[192]

Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of both of his books; for Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.^[193]