Friday, 12 de December de 2008

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  2. ^ Forster, Piers; et al. (2007-02-05). "Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing" (PDF). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 188-193. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2007-09-17.
  3. ^ Bard, Edouard; Frank, Martin (2006-06-09). "Climate change and solar variability: What's new under the sun?" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 248 (1-2): 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.06.016. http://www.ifm-geomar.de/fileadmin/personal/fb1/p-oz/mfrank/Bard_and_Frank_2006.pdf. Retrieved on 17 September 2007. 
  4. ^ Stott, Peter A.; et al. (2003-12-03). "Do Models Underestimate the Solar Contribution to Recent Climate Change?" (PDF). Journal of Climate 16 (24): 4079–4093. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4079 MUTSC>2.0.CO;2. http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/StottEtAl.pdf. Retrieved on 16 April 2007. 
  5. ^ Scafetta, Nicola; West, Bruce J. (2006-03-09). "Phenomenological solar contribution to the 1900–2000 global surface warming" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters 33 (5): L05708. doi:10.1029/2005GL025539. L05708. http://www.fel.duke.edu/~scafetta/pdf/2005GL025539.pdf. Retrieved on 8 May 2007. 
  6. ^ Marsh, Nigel; Henrik, Svensmark (November 2000). "Cosmic Rays, Clouds, and Climate" (PDF). Space Science Reviews 94 (1–2): 215–230. doi:10.1023/A:1026723423896. http://www.dsri.dk/~hsv/SSR_Paper.pdf. Retrieved on 17 April 2007. 
  7. ^ Svensmark, Henrik (July 2000). "Cosmic Rays and Earth's Climate" (PDF). Space Science Reviews 93 (1-2): 175–185. doi:10.1023/A:1026592411634. http://winnetou.lcd.lu/physique/OSCIE2003/global_warming/Cosmic_rays_and_Earth_Climate_new_sven0606.pdf. Retrieved on 17 September 2007. 
  8. ^ Hegerl, Gabriele C.; et al.. "Understanding and Attributing Climate Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 675. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2008-02-01.
  9. ^ "Climate Change 2001:Working Group I: The Scientific Basis (Fig. 2.12)" (2001). Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
  10. ^ Ozone History
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  12. ^ National Center for Atmospheric Research (2006-09-14). "Changes in Solar Brightness Too Weak to Explain Global Warming". Press release. Retrieved on 13 July 2007.
  13. ^ Lockwood, Mike; Claus Fröhlich. "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society A 463: 2447. doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880. http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/proceedings_a/rspa20071880.pdf. Retrieved on 21 July 2007. "Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.". 
  14. ^ Reply to Lockwood and Fröhlich - The persistent role of the Sun in climate forcing — Spacecenter
  15. ^ Richard Black (April 3, 2008). "'No Sun link' to climate change", BBC News Online. 
  16. ^ T Sloan and A W Wolfendale (2008). "Testing the proposed causal link between cosmic rays and cloud cover". Environ. Res. Lett. 3: 024001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/3/2/024001. 
  17. ^ preprint of this paper can be found here
  18. ^ Meehl, Gerald A.; et al. (2005-03-18). "How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level Rise" (PDF). Science 307 (5716): 1769–1772. doi:10.1126/science.1106663. PMID 15774757. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/307/5716/1769.pdf. Retrieved on 11 February 2007. 
  19. ^ Berger, A.; et al. (2005-12-10). "On the origin of the 100-kyr cycles in the astronomical forcing". Paleoceanography 20 (4). doi:10.1029/2005PA001173. PA4019. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2005PA001173.shtml. Retrieved on 5 November 2007. 
  20. ^ Genthon, C.; et al. (1987-10-01). "Vostok Ice Core - Climatic response to CO2 and orbital forcing changes over the last climatic cycle" (abstract). Nature 329 (6138): 414–418. doi:10.1038/329414a0. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v329/n6138/abs/329414a0.html. Retrieved on 5 November 2007. 
  21. ^ Alley, Richard B.; et al. (January 2002). "A northern lead in the orbital band: north-south phasing of Ice-Age events". Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (1-3): 431–441. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00072-5. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/02773791/2002/00000021/00000001/art00072. Retrieved on 5 November 2007. 
  22. ^ Robock, Alan, and Clive Oppenheimer, Eds., 2003: Volcanism and the Earth’s Atmosphere, Geophysical Monograph 139, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 360 pp.
  23. ^ "Stefan-Boltzmann Law", Britannica Online
  24. ^ a b Soden, Brian J.; Held, Isacc M. (2005-11-01). "An Assessment of Climate Feedbacks in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Models" (PDF). Journal of Climate 19 (14): 3354–3360. doi:10.1175/JCLI3799.1. http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/reference/bibliography/2006/bjs0601.pdf. Retrieved on 21 April 2007. "Interestingly, the true feedback is consistently weaker than the constant relative humidity value, implying a small but robust reduction in relative humidity in all models on average" "clouds appear to provide a positive feedback in all models". 
  25. ^ Panel on Climate Change Feedbacks, Climate Research Committee, National Research Council, 2004: Understanding Climate Change Feedbacks.
  26. ^ Stocker, Thomas F.; et al. (2001-01-20). "7.5.2 Sea Ice". Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2007-02-11.
  27. ^ Sample, Ian (2005-08-11). "Warming Hits 'Tipping Point'", The Guardian. Retrieved on 18 January 2007. 
  28. ^ Buesseler, Ken O.; et al. (2007-04-27). "Revisiting Carbon Flux Through the Ocean's Twilight Zone" (abstract). Science 316 (5824): 567–570. doi:10.1126/science.1137959. PMID 17463282. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/316/5824/567. Retrieved on 16 November 2007. 
  29. ^ Working group I, section 3.2.2.2 of the 2007 IPPC page 243
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  31. ^ Rowan T. Sutton, Buwen Dong, Jonathan M. Gregory (2007). "Land/sea warming ratio in response to climate change: IPCC AR4 model results and comparison with observations". Geophysical Research Letters 34: L02701. doi:10.1029/2006GL028164. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028164.shtml. Retrieved on 19 September 2007. 
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  36. ^ Changnon, Stanley A.; Bell, Gerald D. (2000). El Niño, 1997-1998: The Climate Event of the Century. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195135520. 
  37. ^ Mitchell, J. F. B.; et al. (2001-01-20). "12.4.3.3 Space-time studies". Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 2007-01-04.
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  39. ^ Ruddiman, William F. (March 2005). "How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate?" (PDF). Scientific American 292 (3): 46–53. http://ccr.aos.wisc.edu/news/0305046.pdf. Retrieved on 5 March 2007. 
  40. ^ Ruddiman, William F. (2005-08-01). Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12164-8. 
  41. ^ Schmidt, Gavin; et al. (2004-12-10). "A note on the relationship between ice core methane concentrations and insolation" (abstract). Geophysical Research Letters 31 (23): L23206. doi:10.1029/2004GL021083. L23206. http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abstracts/2004/Schmidt_etal_2.html. Retrieved on 5 March 2007. 
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  43. ^ Cohen, Anthony S.; et al. (February 2004). "Osmium isotope evidence for the regulation of atmospheric CO2 by continental weathering" (PDF). Geology 32 (2): 157–160. doi:10.1130/G20158.1. http://sheba.geo.vu.nl/~vonh/imagesanddata/data/Cohenetal2004.pdf. Retrieved on 4 March 2007. 
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